KBasic

Syntax

First Edition

This edition applies to release 1.6 of KBasic and to all subsequent released and modfications until otherwise indicated in new editions. Make sure you are using the correct edtion for the level of the product. The term „KBasic“ as used in this publication, refers to the kBasic product set (January 2007).

Conventions Used In This Book / Way Of Writing

normal text appears in writing Arial. Here is an example here: This is normal text

Syntax and source code code appear in writing Courier New and grey background. Here the example:

Dim i As Integer

Important references and keywords are italically deposited: Arguments

KBasic-Syntax

The syntax of sub, function or statement in the KBasic help entry shows all elements, which are needed to correctly use the sub, function or statement. How you can understand those information shows the following lines.

Example: Syntax of the MsgBox-Function

MsgBox(prompt[, buttons] [, title] [, helpfile, context])

Arguments, which are inside of [ ], are optional. (Do not write these [ ] in your KBasic code). The only argument, what you have give the MsgBox-Function is the one for the showing the text: 'prompt'.

Arguments for functions or subs can be used with the help of their position or their name. In order to use the arguments defined with their position, you do not have to ignore the position written in the syntax. You must write them exactly in the same order they occur in the syntax. All arguments must be separated by a comma. Example:

MsgBox("The answer is right!", 0, "window with answer")

If you would like to use a argument with its name, use the name of the argument and colon and equals sign (:= and the value of the argument. You can write these named arguments in any order you wish. Example:

MsgBox(title:="window with answer", prompt:="The answer is right!")

Some arguments are written inside of {} in the syntax of functions or subs.

Option Compare {Binary | Text}

In the syntax of the 'Option Compare'-statement: { } together with | means that one of the elements must be written.(Do not write these { } in your KBasic code). The following statement defines that text will be compared and sorted without case sensitive.

Option Compare Text

Syntax of the 'Dim'-Statement

Dim VarName[([Indexes])] [As Type] [, VarName[([Indexes])] [As Type]] …

'Dim' is a keyword in the syntax of the 'Dim'-Statement. The only needed element is VarName (the name of the variable). The following statement creates three variables: myVar, nextVar and thirdVar. These variables are declared as 'Variant'-variables automatically (or 'Double' in 'VeryOldBasic Mode').

Dim myVar, nextVar, thirdVar

The following example declares a variable of type 'String'. If you declared the datatype of the variable explicitly, it will help KBasic to optimize the RAM-usage and will help you to find errors in your code.

Dim myAns As String

If you want to declare many variables in one line, you should declare every datatype of each variable explicitly. Variables without declared datatype get the default datatype, which is 'Variant'.

Dim x As Integer, y As Integer, z As Integer

X and y get in the datatype 'Variant' in the following statement. Only z has the 'Integer' datatype.

Dim x, y, z As Integer

You have to put ( ) or [ ] (for new style), if you want to declare an array variable. The indexes of the array are optional. The following statement declares a dynamic array named myArray.

Dim myArray[]

Variable

Declaration

Dim

Public

Private

Protected

Static

As

Dim sName As String

Public sName As String

Private sName As String

Protected sName As String



Dim Name[([Index])] [As Type] [, Name[([Index])] [As Type]] ...

Dim Name [= Expression] [As Type]

Dim Name [As Type] [= Expression]

[Public | Protected | Private | Dim | Static] Name [= Expression] [As Type]

Assignment

Dim yourName As String
yourName = InputBox("What is your name?")
MsgBox "Your Name is " & yourName

User Defined Type

Type

Type Name
 Name [(Index)] As Type
  ...
End Type

Comment

REM

'

/*

*/

/**

REM this is a comment

‘ this is a comment as well

/* start comment and stop comment */

/** start documentation comment and stop documentation comment */

Literal

Byte, Short, Integer, Long

1, 2, -44, 4453, +78

Hex

&HAA43

Binary

&B11110001

Octal

&O1234

Single

21.32, 0.344, -435.235421.21, +67.8

Double

212.23

Currency, Decimal

45.3@

Date, Time, DateTime

#1993-12-31#

String

„hello“

String (mulit-line)

<?hello?>

Boolean

True, False

Constant

Const

As

Const Border As Integer = 377


Const Name = Expression

Const Name [As Type] = Expression [, Name [As Type] = Expression] ...

[Public | Protected | Private] Const Name [As Type] = Expression

Working With Objects

Create Object

New

s = New Control()

s = New Timer(start, ende)

objectVariable = New ClassName[(Arguments)]

objectVariable = New ClassName()

objectVariable = New ClassName

Create Class

Class oak Inherits tree

Variables / Constants / Properties / Types / Enumerations
Constructors
Destructors
Functions
Subs

End Class

Access Class Variable And Instance Variable

classname.classVariable
objectname.instanceVariable

Access Class Method Or Intance Method (Function Or Sub)

objectname.instanceVariable = 99

Class Method Or Intance Method

Static Sub myClassMethod()
...
End Sub

Sub myInstanceMethod
...
End Sub

Access Class Type

objectname.typefield

Access Class Enum

objectname.enumfield

Access Class Property

objectname.classproperty

Call Method

objectname.myMethod()

Current Instance Of Object

Me

Parent

Class movies
  
  Protected sMovieName As String   
  
  Sub printName     
    print sMovieName
  End Sub
  
  Constructor movies(s As String)
    sMovieName = s
  End Constructor
  
End Class


Class movies2 Inherits movies

  Constructor movies2(ByRef s As String)
    Parent.movies(s + "2")    
  End Constructor
    
End Class


Dim k As Integer = 9

Dim m As New movies2("final fantasy")

m.printName()

Class Of Object

TypeOf

If TypeOf myObject Is myClass Then


TypeOf objectVariable Is ClassName

Hidden Variable

Parent.myVariable  ' access parent class
myVariable         ' access current class (me)

Hidden Method (Sub Or Function)

Parent.myMethod()  ' access parent class
myMethod           ' access current class (me)

Overwrite Method

Class A
  Dim i As Integer

  Function f()
    Return i
  End Function

End Class

Class B Inherits A
  Dim i As Integer    ' hides variable i in A

  Function f()        ' overwrites method f() in A
    i = Parent.i + 1       ' access A.i
    Return Parent.f() + i  ' acces A.F()
  End Function
End Class

Scope modifier

Private

Protected

Public

Class plane

  Private wings As Integer
  Protected wings2 As Integer

  Private Function countWings()
    ...
  End Function

End Class

Array

Dim

Dim variableName(Index) As Type  ' old style

Dim variableName[Index] As Type

Dim variableName[Index, Index, ...] As Type

Dim variableName[Index To Index] As Type

Dim variableName[Index To Index, Index To Index, ...] As Type

Access Array

i(3) = 10 ' old style
i[3] = 10
o[3, 88] = 10

Lower And Upper Bound Of Array

UBound

LBound

UBound (arrayVariable[,(Dimension])

LBound (arrayVariable[,(Dimension])

Dim With Explicit Lower Bound

Dim i [50 To 100] As Integer

Multi-Dimension

Dim i(100, 50, 400)

Dim sngMulti(1 To 5, 1 To 10) As Single

Dynamic Array

Dim a() As Integer
Redim

Redim variableName(Index) ' old style

Redim variableName[Index]

Redim variableName[Index, Index, ...]

Redim variableName[Index To Index]

Redim variableName[Index To Index, Index To Index, ...]

Delete Array

Reset Array

Erase

Erase arrayVariable[, arrayVariable]

Flow Control - Decision

Single Decision

If

Then

Else

End If

If Expression Then Statement

If Expression Then Statement : Else Statement

If Expression Then LineNo

If Expression Then LabelName:

If Expression Then
  [Statements]
End If

If Expression Then
  [Statements]
Else
  [Statements]
End If

If Expression Then
  [Statements]
ElseIf Expression
  [Statements]
Else
  [Statements]
End If

If Expression Then
  [Statements]
ElseIf Expression
  [Statements]
ElseIf Expression
  [Statements]
Else
  [Statements]
End If

If Expression Then
  [Statements]
ElseIf Expression
  [Statements]
End If

IIf – Short If

IIf(Expression, ThenReturnExpression, ElseReturnExpression)

Multi Decision

Select

Select Case

Case

End Select

Select Case Expression
Case Expression
  [Statements]
Case Expression
  [Statements]
End Select

Select Case Expression
Case Expression
  [Statements]
Case Expression To Expression
  [Statements]
Case Is Expression
  [Statements]
Case Else 
  [Statements]
End Select

Select Expression ' modern style
Case Expression
  [Statements]
Case Expression
  [Statements]
End Select

Switch – Short Select Case

Switch(Expression, ReturnExpression[, Expression, ReturnExpression, ... ])

Choose – Short Select Case

Choose(Expression, ReturnExpression[, ReturnExpression, ... ])

Uncoditional Jump

GoTo

GoTo {lineno | label:}

GoTo myExit:
GoTo nextStep:

With

Sub FormatOrder ()
	With myclass
		.Value = 30
	End With
End Sub

Sub setValue ()
	With j(3)
  	  .e.bkname = "Frankfurter Zoo"
  	  With .e
	    .isbn ( 99 ) = 333  
	  End With
	End With
End Sub

Flow Control - Loop

For Next

To

Step

For variable = beginExpr To endExpr [Step Expression]
  [Statements]
Next [variable]

Do While ... Loop

Do While Expression
  [Statements]
Loop

Do ... Loop Until

Do 
  [Statements]
Loop Until Expression

Do ... Loop While

Do 
  [Statements]
Loop While Expression

Do Until ... Loop

Do Until Expression
  [Statements]
Loop

While ... Wend

While Expression
  [Statements]
WEnd

While ... End While

While Expression
  [Statements]
End While

Explicit Leave Of Loop

Exit For
Exit Do

Explicit Test of Loop Condition

Iterate For
Iterate Do

Subs / Procedures

Sub-Procedure

Sub

End Sub

Sub Name([Argumente])
  [Statements]
End Sub

Sub Name([Argumente]) [Throws Name, ...]
  [Statements]
End Sub

Function-Procedure

Function

End Function

Function Name([Argumente]) [As Type]
  [Statements]
End Function

Function Name([Argumente]) [As Type] [Throws Name, ...]
  [Statements]
End Function

Argument

Name As Type

[ByVal | ByRef] Name As Type

[ByVal | ByRef] Name [As Type]

[ByVal | ByRef] Name [()][As Type]

[ByVal | ByRef] [Optional] Name [()][As Type] [= Expression]

Named Argument

Optional Argument

Sub PassArg(strName As String, intAlter As Integer, gebDatum As Date)
	Print strName, intAlter, gebDatum
End Sub

PassArg(Frank", 26, #2-28-79#)

PassArg(intAlter:=26, gebDatum:=#2/28/79#, strName:="Frank")

MsgBox(Title:="Aufgabe-Dialogfeld", Prompt:="Aufgabe erledigt!")

Sub OptionaleArg(strPLBereich As String, Optional strLand As String = "Deutschland")
...
End Sub


Sub OptionaleArg(strLand As String, Optional intZBezirk As Integer, _
Optional strLand As String = "Deutschland")
	If IsMissing(intZBezirk) And IsMissing(strLand) Then
		Print strPLBereich
	ElseIf IsMissing(strLand) Then
		Print strPLBereich, intZBezirk
	ElseIf IsMissing(intZBezirk) Then
		Print strPLBereich, strLand
	Else
		Print strPLBereich, intZBezirk, strLand
	End If
End Sub

Default Argument

Sub OptionaleArg(strLand As String = "Deutschland")
  Print strLand ' even strLand is not passed it contains Deutschland
End Sub

ParamArray

Sub nadja(ByRef z As Integer, ByVal h As Double, Optional j As Integer, ParamArray b() As Variant)
     
  Print "z = " + z
  Print "h = " + h
  If Not IsMissing(j) Then
    Print "j = " + j    
  End If
  
  Dim i As Integer
     
  For i = LBound(b) To UBound(b)
    Print "b(" + i + ") = " + b(i)     
  Next i  

End Sub


nadja(j := 33, h := 12.2, z := m, b[12] := "12 hello", b[5] := 555, b[7] := "7 ho")

Call Of Sub or Function

Sub Main()
	MultiBeep 56
	Meldung
End Sub

Sub MultiBeep(Anzahl)
	For n As Integer = 1 To Anzahl
		Beep
	Next n
End Sub

Sub Meldung()
	MsgBox "Zeit für eine Pause!"
End Sub

Explicit Leave Of Procedures

Exit Sub
Exit Function

Functions

Function

End Function

Function Name([Argumente])[As Type]
  [Statements]
End Function

Function Name([Argumente])[As Type] [Throws Name, ...]
  [Statements]
End Function

Return Function Value

Return Expression

Return Expression

FunctionName = Expression

Property

Access Property

varname.classproperty = 99
Print varname.classproperty

Property

Property Set

Property Get

Set

End Set

Get

End Get

End Property

Property Set Name(Argument)
  [Statements]
End Property

Property Get Name(Argument) As Type
  [Statements]
End Property


Property Name As Type 

  Get
    [Statements]
  End Get 

  Set(Argument) 
    [Statements]
  End Set 

End Property

User defined Type

Access Type

Type
  varname.typefield = 99
End Type

Type Name
 Name [(Index)] As Type
  ...
End Type

Enumeration

Access Enum

varname.enumfield = 99

Enum
End Enum


Enum Name
  Name [= Expression]
  ...
End Enum

Class

Abstract

Inherits

Constructor

Destructor

Sub

Function

Signal

Slot

End Class

[Abstract] Class Name Inherits ParentClassName

  [Static] Dim Name As Type
  [Static] Public Name As Type
  [Static] Protected Name As Type
  [Static] Private Name As Type
  Const Name As Type
  Public Const Name As Type
  Protected Const Name As Type
  Private Const Name As Type
  ...


  [Public | Protected | Private] 
  Enum Name
    Name As Type
    ...
  End Enum
  ...


  [Public | Protected | Private] 
  Type Name
    Name As Type
    ...
  End Type
  ...


  [Public | Protected | Private]  
  Property Name As Type 

    Get
      [Statements]
    End Get 

    Set(Argument) 
      [Statements]
    End Set 

  End Property 
  ...


  [Public | Protected | Private] 
  Constructor Name([Arguments])
    [Statements]
  End Constructor
  ...


  [Public | Protected | Private] 
  Destructor Name( ) 
    [Statements]
  End Destructor


  [Static] [Public | Protected | Private] 
  Function Name([Arguments]) [As Type] [Throws Name, ...]
    [Statements]
  End Function
  ...


  [Static] [Public | Protected | Private] 
  Sub Name([Arguments]) [Throws Name, ...]
    [Statements]
  End Sub
  ...


  [Public | Protected | Private] 
  Slot Name([Arguments])
    [Statements]
  End Slot
  ...


  [Public | Protected | Private] 
  Signal Name([Arguments])
    [Statements]
  End Signal
  ...


End Class

Module

Create Module

Module oak

Variables / Constants / Types / Enumerations
Functions
Subs

End Module

Access Module Variable

modulename.moduleVariable
moduleVariable

Access Module Sub Or Function

modulename.moduleSub(99)

Module Sub Or Function

Sub myModuleSub
...
End Sub

Function myModuleFunction
...
End Function

Call Module Sub Or Function

modulename.myModuleSub()

Access Module Type

modulename.typefield

Access Module Enum

modulename.enumfield

Module

End Module

Module Name


  Dim Name As Type
  Public Name As Type
  Private Name As Type
  Const Name As Type
  Public Const Name As Type
  Private Const Name As Type
  ...


  [Public | Private] 
  Enum Name
    Name As Type
    ...
  End Enum
  ...


  [Public | Private] 
  Type Name
    Name As Type
    ...
  End Type
  ...


  [Public | Private] 
  Function Name([Arguments]) [As Type] [Throws Name, ...]
    [Statements]
  End Function
  ...


  [Public | Private] 
  Sub Name([Arguments]) [Throws Name, ...]
    [Statements]
  End Sub
  ...


End Module

Error Handling

New Exception

Throw

Throw ExceptionObject

Exception

Try

Catch

End Catch

Try
  [Statements]
Catch (Name As Exception)
  [Statements]
End Catch

Try
  [Statements]
Catch (Name As Exception)
  [Statements]
Catch (Name As Exception)
  [Statements]
End Catch

Try
  [Statements]
Catch (Name As Exception)
  [Statements]
Finally
  [Statements]
End Catch

Exception In Procedure (Sub Or Function)

Catch (Name As Exception)
  [Statements]
Finally
  [Statements]
End Catch

By Bernd Noetscher www.kbasic.com

KBasic

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Table of Contents

Syntax

First Edition

Conventions Used In This Book / Way Of Writing

KBasic-Syntax

Variable

Declaration

Dim

Public

Private

Protected

Static

As

Assignment

User Defined Type

Type

Comment

REM

'

/*

*/

/**

Literal

Byte, Short, Integer, Long

Hex

Binary

Octal

Single

Double

Currency, Decimal

Date, Time, DateTime

String

String (mulit-line)

Boolean

Constant

Const

As

Working With Objects

Create Object

New

Create Class

Access Class Variable And Instance Variable

Access Class Method Or Intance Method (Function Or Sub)

Class Method Or Intance Method

Access Class Type

Access Class Enum

Access Class Property

Call Method

Current Instance Of Object

Me

Parent

Class Of Object

TypeOf

Hidden Variable

Hidden Method (Sub Or Function)

Overwrite Method

Scope modifier

Private

Protected

Public

Array

Dim

Access Array

Lower And Upper Bound Of Array

UBound

LBound

Dim With Explicit Lower Bound

Multi-Dimension

Dynamic Array

Delete Array

Reset Array

Erase

Flow Control - Decision

Single Decision

If

Then

Else